Life Partner Research Articles

Dietary intake of polish organic and conventional fruit growers and their life partners – a pilot study

Diet is one of the elements that contribute to health and quality of life. There are significant discrepancies between the diets of people living in different regions, with different beliefs, or with different approaches to sustainability and ecology. There is a lack of research on dietary intake among organic and conventional fruit growers. The aim of our study was to examine the diets of orchardists and their immediate life partners in terms of meeting energy requirements, nutrient intake and fulfillment of dietary recommendations in this group. Fifty-three participants (28 in the organic group and 25 in the conventional group) took part in the study. Dietary data were obtained using the 3-day dietary record. Body mass and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Physical activity was estimated using a questionnaire method. The study group was aged 44 ± 8 years, with a body weight of 84 ± 16 kg and a height of 172 ± 9 cm. The mean BMI was 28 ± 4 kg/m2. Mean energy intake with diet was 2170 ± 606 kcal/day with needs of 3002 (1991–5144) kcal/day. A significant proportion of the study group did not fulfill their calcium and vitamin D requirements. In addition, a significant proportion of the conventional fruit growers did not cover their needs for potassium, magnesium and vitamins: E, C, and folate. Both groups had too high an intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, and too low an intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, the orchardists' diets mostly provided adequate amounts of nutrients, with inadequate intakes of calcium, vitamin D, cholesterol, and fatty acids. The diets of organic fruit growers were significantly richer in selected nutrients.

Health selection into employment in a family health and time use context

AbstractUsing nationally representative data from Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia, this paper examines the impact of poor health, family impaired health and family time on the labour market participation of couples aged 25–64. We address sample selection bias and endogeneity bias by employing instrumental variable Tobit models. Our findings indicate that health selection into the labour market occurs not only due to individual's own health but also due to other family members' health, and family time—which is largely determined by various family factors such as a presence of preschool children (childcare) and partner's major life events. We find a significant trade‐off between family unpaid time and labour market participation, which is augmented after correcting for endogeneity of family unpaid time in market time consideration. This supports our argument that health selection should be considered within the family context, in which each member makes decisions conditional not only on their own but also other family members' health and time resources.

Risk, value, vitality: The moral economy of a global behavioural insurance platform

Imagine your insurer were an ‘active life partner’, even a guardian of your future, which engaged with you on a regular basis, through a complex system of digital technology and behavioural science, to ensure you were leading the healthiest, longest, most valuable life possible. This is the foundation for a growing model of ‘behavioural insurance’ that has become a major approach in the industry. By capturing constant streams of data about consumer behaviour, and creating incentive programmmes to modify how people behave, insurers hope to unlock a key source of value and risk management. We critically analyze this model through a detailed case study of a world leader in behavioural insurance: Discovery Limited and its Vitality ecosystem of data-driven, behaviour-based, interactive wellbeing programmes for life/health insurance. We detail the behavioural theory of risk and the moral economy of ‘shared value’, which underpins the model of insurance that Vitality champions and justifies its activist approach to social change.

Mexican Breast Cancer Women and Their Partners: Individual and Couple Analysis

Breast cancer impacts the patients and their partners; their characteristics affect outcomes for themselves and the other members of the dyad and their relationship. This study explored whether the age of both couple members differentiates dyadic adjustment, social support, and quality of life perception and evaluates the relationship between dyadic adjustment, social support, and quality of life perception in Mexican couples with breast cancer. Methods: The cross-sectional correlational study included 120 patients with breast cancer and their partners. Couples were divided into two groups based on patients’ age. The couples’ dyadic adjustment, social support, and quality of life were evaluated. Results: Older dyads obtained the highest dyadic adjustment and social support scores compared to young dyads. Dyadic adjustment was associated with social support in both young and old couples. A positive relationship was found between young partners’ social support and dyadic adjustment and young patients’ quality of life and older partners’ dyadic adjustment and older patients’ quality of life. Conclusion: The results from both partners confirm that age determines the perceptions of younger and older couples concerning to the process and outcome relationship and their quality of life. In this sample, we can observe the relationship between both members of the couple.

George Sclavunos (1869-1954): Anatomical Insights and his contribution into the “Magenstrasse of Waldeyer”

The purpose of this article is to present a well-known physician and highlight his contribution into an essential, but neglected anatomical feature. George Sclavunos (1869-1954) was a 20th century Greek physician, whose scientific work was a significant milestone in global medical knowledge. In 1899 he became Professor of Anatomy and Head Director of the Department of Anatomy. In 1906 Sclavunos G. published the first volume of the three volume book “Human Anatomy” (1906-1926), which is characterized by its unparalleled illustrations. For more than a century it was the most important book of medical literature in Greece. In 1926 he became a Full Member of the Academy of Athens and was named Life Partner of the International Anatomi- cal Society. His interests included Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, as well as Osteology and Syndesmology. In his book “Human Anatomy”, he described for first time the “Sialine Groove of the Stomach”, which was described by Waldeyer-Hartz almost at the same time as the “Magenstrasse”, a German word that means “stomach road”. It is a ribbon-like path that extends along the lesser curvature of the stomach from the gastric cardia to the antrum and releases the gastric content directly into the small intestine. Its importance is confirmed by its association not only with drug delivery, but also with anti-obesity surgical techniques. The old German term has come back into common medical usage in view of the commonly performed Magenstrasse and Mill pro- cedure, a form of bariatric surgery.
 Conclusion: Sclavunos G. managed to observe an anatomical structure that has remained of great importance until today.

Protectors and Modern Princesses: A Qualitative Investigation of Gender Ideals Among Young Migrants in Berlin

The debates at the nexus of migration and gender often focus on the supposedly diverging ideals Muslims and Christians have about gender. Migrant femininities and masculinities are framed in contrast to liberal, Western values and they undermine the efforts for more gender equality in Western societies. Only a few studies have addressed non-Muslim migrants' construction of, and their perceptions of, the femininities and masculinities of others. To fill this gap, we present the findings of a qualitative social research project where 43 young people aged 16 to 29 shared with us their perceptions regarding gender ideals. In our analysis, we utilize theories developed within women's studies and critical men and masculinities scholarship and adopt an intersectional lens to investigate how young first- and second-generation migrants in Berlin with roots in different world regions imagine their own and others' ideals of masculinity and femininity. Like non-migrant youth, our research participants want their life partnerships to be based on gender equality. Contrary to this, their ideals of femininity and masculinity embrace traditional gender roles, and they mirror the racialized relations in German society. We do not argue that the migrant youth's gender ideals are significantly shaped by their ethnic or religious belonging, and thus they do differ from those of non-migrant youth. However, racial othering is relevant for these migrants' images of their life partners and should be taken under consideration while designing specific policies aimed at increasing levels of gender equality in multi-diverse societies.

Perspektif sebagai Pengembangan Literasi Media Digital Mahasiswa

Digital media literacy is an understanding of understanding and interpreting information spread across various media, including social media. Behavioural transformation in digital media literacy is the key to using social media wisely amidst open information. Digital media literacy in the digital space is the main key in various aspects of life, including activities such as banking transactions, learning processes, searching for information, job opportunities, education, exploring modern or new lifestyles, utilizing facilities, checking weather conditions, looking for a life partner, as well as establishing social relations with UTY students. The development of media technology is directly proportional to the increase in the number of internet media users in Indonesia, which is currently recorded at 213 million at the beginning of 2023, equivalent to 77% of the total population of Indonesia with internet penetration and contribution of around 99.16 at the age of 13-18 years, and age 19-34 years old, there are around 98.64%. The results of the research obtained are that UTY students' understanding of digital literacy related to the Perspektif account has a positive impact by creating unique and inspiring narratives, playing an active role in creating content, connecting emotionally to stories on the Perspektif Instagram account, and forming social and cultural bonds. The unique and inspiring stories in UTY Perspektif make a significant contribution to students' understanding and development of digital literacy through various identified dimensions.

Care(lessness) in precarious journalism, before and during the pandemic: Freelancers’ work-life experiences and coping strategies

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in care as a potential remedy for a variety of issues and crises, such as improving global health justice or creating more “caring” educational systems, has increased across academic disciplines. This article contributes to this literature from the perspective of journalism studies. It explores whether the notion of care captures and addresses one facet of the contemporary news industry crisis, namely the precarity of journalists. I focus on the work-life narratives of a small group of freelance journalists in Germany and Canada before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying a care lens articulates the struggles the freelancers experience regarding income, social security, housing, and childcare as a result of careless states and careless markets. Furthermore, the care practices journalists use as coping strategies merge mutual aid for fellow freelancers or members of their local communities with entrepreneurial networking for professional survival. However, such informal care practices cannot make up for structural gaps in support. Waged work—outside journalism—in the formal labor market, performed by the freelancers themselves or their life partners, turned out to be more important for coping with precarity. Overall, the pandemic meant more continuity than change for the care struggles as well as coping strategies of the journalists examined here. Nevertheless, those with residential property, gainfully employed life partners, and established care networks fared best, hinting at the crucial role of privilege in shaping the work experiences of precarious journalists during crises.

Fatherhood Lullabies: Masculinity and Aging Paternity in the Basque Country as Portrayed in Alauda Ruiz de Azúa’s Cinco lobitos

Even though Basque director Alauda Ruiz de Azua’s debut film, Cinco lobitos, revolves around motherhood and its two female characters bear the heavyweight of the narrative, set in a historically perceived matriarchal society, such as the Basque Country, the two male supporting roles—that of the young father and the old grandfather of the newborn child—are critical to articulate the film’s underlying discourse on the complex and evolving relationships amongst the members of a family unit—whether it be the result of a traditional marriage (that of the grandparents) or a modern partnership (the young couple). Despite their age difference and distinct upbringing, the two male characters mirror each other in their embodiment of an emotionally absent life partner and paternal figure who prioritizes his role as a provider rather than a caregiver. Hence, intertwined with the struggles of maternity and its acute impact on women’s life choices, the portrayal of fatherhood in this film equally reflects on the evolution of the paternal role throughout a man’s life and in Basque society, while it evokes that the traditionally assigned gender roles echo across generations.

PENGGUNAAN DIKSI DAN GAYA BAHASA KONTEN VIDEO MOTIVASI MERRY RIANA DALAM MEDIA TIKTOK

Merry Riana's motivational video content contains encouragement to build an optimistic attitude when you experience failure in achieving your goals, are disappointed by your partner, receive negative comments from other people and when you want to choose a potential life partner. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of diction and motivational language style of Merry Riana in TikTok media using semantic and pragmatic studies. This research is a text-based descriptive qualitative research, using the referential equivalent method to analyze the meaning and using the interpretation method to reveal the purpose of motivation based on related contexts. The results of this study indicate that Merry Riana uses greeting diction, synonym diction, special diction, general diction, foreign language diction, borrowed word diction, popular diction, scientific diction and conversational diction. The diction that is widely used is the diction of a foreign language, namely English. The style of language found in this study uses a style of language based on sentence structure of 5 types and a style of language based on the direct or indirect meaning of 9 types. The style of language that is most widely used is the style of language based on whether the meaning is direct or not, namely, climax. The use of diction and language style functions to: 1) encourage listeners when they feel hopeless; (2) influencing and convincing the listeners with the motivational delivered; and (3) provide an interesting effect on motivational speech patterns.

Compatibility and Information Asymmetry in Online Matching Platforms

Firms seeking business partners and individuals seeking life partners face several challenges in addition to finding available candidates. One of these challenges is uncertainty about a candidate’s compatibility with the match-seeker on various subjective criteria. Another challenge is authentication of objective quality features, particularly in online settings where credentials can be easily misrepresented. Online matching platforms can address these challenges through counseling services that help assess mutual compatibility of match-seekers and authentication services to validate match-seekers’ credentials. Using a stylized model, we show that the platform’s decisions to offer counseling and authentication services are influenced by match-seeker behavior in response to factors such as the platform’s counseling capability, the composition of the matching market, and the interactions between the two services. This leads to optimal strategies for the platform that are not obvious and can even be counterintuitive. For instance, offering better counseling does not necessarily result in higher revenues for the platform. And it may be optimal for the platform to reduce its access fee when it decides to offer an authentication service. We also show that when the platform’s counseling capability is modest, an increase in this capability increases the value of authentication (i.e., counseling complements authentication); however, when the platform’s counseling capability is high, counseling and authentication become substitutes, because narrowing the search to only high-value candidates based on authentication can exclude some compatible candidates. Our analysis and results provide valuable insights for platform operators on the relative value of counseling and authentication, and for researchers studying matching platforms for vertically and horizontally differentiated markets. This paper was accepted by Hemant Bhargava, information systems. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03807 .

Sexual Relationship of Husband and Wife in Normative, Sociological, and Psychological Perspectives

Sexual intercourse is a sexual activity that does not only include one person but also involves other parties as partners. Sexual relations have certain rules so as not to harm either the wife or the husband. Problem formulation of how is the sexual relationship between husband and wife in the perspective of normative, sociology, and psychology? The purpose of this research is to find out the sexual relations of husband and wife from a normative, sociological, and psychological perspective, and how the rights and obligations of sexual relations between men and women in marriage are equal. This research uses library research or qualitative methods. The approach used is a normative, sociological, and psychological approach. The results of this study are that Islam regulates sexual relations between husband and wife. In surah al-Baqarah (2): 223 it is stated that the wife is a rice field cultivated by her husband. The husband is given freedom regarding how and when to have sexual relations with his wife. Sexual relations are a form of human activity that is naturally ingrained from birth. By nature, everything is created in pairs. From a sociological perspective, husband and wife in sex life become biological partners in household life. Humans cannot deny reproductive activity as one of their biological needs. In this case, Allah swt. has bestowed pleasure so that humans (husband and wife) have fun doing it so that they can continue it and maintain generations of people on this earth. Meanwhile from a psychological perspective every couple, especially the husband, tries to make his partner happy in sexual intercourse, especially in achieving the wife’s sexual satisfaction. One thing that can be done to achieve wife’s sexual satisfaction is to establish open and deep communication between husband and wife. So, the harmonious relationship between husband and wife can affect the health of the couple’s sexual behavior and conversely, the health of the husband and wife’s sexual behavior can affect the harmony of their relationship. Sexual fulfillment, as a form of spiritual livelihood, rights for a husband and wife can create a feeling of happiness in order to realize the goals of marriage, namely sakinah, mawaddah, warahmah.
 Keywords: sexual, husband and wife, normative, sosiologi, psikologi

Analisis Fenomena Pencarian Jodoh Melalui Aplikasi Kencan Tinder Dalam Keterbukaan Diri Pengguna di Kota Samarinda

The emergence of the Tinder dating application as a form of technological progress is utilized by many people to meet the needs of human life in finding a life partner. Tinder appears to make it easier for individuals to get acquainted with new people they meet on the internet. The process of communication and interaction changes. In starting a relationship, self-disclosure is the first step in achieving a deep relationship. In this case, the process of self-disclosure is a process of disclosing personal information. Personality disclosure affects the intimacy of a relationship. The purpose of this research is to find out the phenomenon of finding a mate through the Tinder application in the self-disclosure of users in Samarinda city. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach and uses Social Penetration theory. The techniques used in collecting data are observation, interviews and documentation of 5 Tinder application users in Samarinda City. Informant collection using purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, the stages of informant self-disclosure in finding a mate through the application are at different stages. Not all informants are at the effective stage, where informants avoid conflict rather than resolve conflicts that occur so that the relationship runs aground before commitment. In the orientation process, selection is made through the user profile in the application, then the process of self-disclosure is carried out outside the application

The influence of teacher-student relationship on Chinese high school students' academic motivation for the ideological and political subject: the mediating role of academic emotions.

This study investigated the influence of teacher-student relationship on Chinese high students' academic motivation for the ideological and political subject and the parallel mediating roles of positive and negative academic emotions on this influence. The participants of this study were 425 Chinese high school students. This study measured teacher-student relationship, academic motivation, and academic emotions through several self-reported questionnaires. Structural equation models were used to analyze data and investigate the direct and indirect influence of teacher-student relationship on Chinese high school students' academic motivation for the ideological and political subject. Teacher-student relationship had a significant, positive, and direct impact on Chinese high school students' academic motivation for the ideological and political subject. Moreover, positive and negative academic emotions, in parallel, mediated the relationship between these two factors. This study demonstrates the important influence of teacher-student relationships on Chinese high school students' academic motivation for the ideological and political subject. A positive teacher-student relationship can directly increase students' academic motivation for this subject and indirectly enhance their motivation by generating positive academic emotions. Therefore, teachers should express care for their students, make friends with them, and be their partners in learning and life. Additionally, teachers need to pay close attention to students' academic emotions and provide them emotional support so that they can develop positive academic emotions while learning, and strive to establish and maintain a good teacher-student relationship.

Post-Stroke Depression and Suicidal Ideations: Relationship with Gender and Marital Status: A Cross Sectional Study.

To determine the prevalence and contributing factors of depression and suicidal ideations among stroke survivors in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study comprising 75 consenting stroke survivors who were purposively recruited from 2 tertiary hospitals. Suicidal ideations and depression were measured using standard questionnaires. Obtained data was analyzed with appropriate statistical tools. 9.3% of the participants had depression while 4% reported suicidal ideations. Significant correlation existed between suicidal ideations and depression (ρ = .31, P = .01), and levels of depression and suicidal ideations (χ2 = 85.76; P < .01). Depression had a significant relationship with gender and marital status, while suicidal ideations had a significant relationship with marital status. Females were significantly more depressed than their male counterparts (U = 512.50, P = .04) and also had a higher score on suicidal ideations. The widowed/divorced recorded the highest scores on depression (χ2 = 8.77, P = .01) and suicidal ideations (χ2 = 6.62; P = .04). A worrisome prevalence of depression was reported among the study participants. The level of suicidal ideations was quite low. Depression and suicidal ideations were higher among females and those who lost their life partners (either by divorce or death).

Challenges of Online Dating among the Youths in the Contemporary World: Experiences of Undergraduates

Online dating has gained prominence among students seeking life partners, with dynamics and challenges varying across cultural contexts. This study investigates the challenges of online dating among contemporary youth, specifically focusing on undergraduate experiences. Employing a descriptive survey design, the study surveyed 210 undergraduates from the University of Ilorin, utilizing a researcher-designed questionnaire named "Challenges of Online Dating Questionnaire (CODQ)." The instrument demonstrated validity and reliability (coefficient of 0.70). Data analysis involved frequency count, mean, rank order analysis, t-test, and ANOVA at a 0.05 significance level. Results identified electronic abuse, disappointment after in-person meetings, and disrespect for partner opinions as primary challenges. Hypotheses testing revealed no significant gender, age, or religious differences, except for educational levels. The findings underscore the importance of understanding and addressing online dating challenges in educational settings, where diverse experiences converge. Recommendations include counselor-led awareness programs to help undergraduates navigate challenges, particularly electronic abuse and mistreatment issues.

“I too have a responsibility for my partner's life”: Communal coping among Malawian couples living with HIV and cardiometabolic disorders

RationaleHIV and cardiometabolic disorders including hypertension and diabetes pose a serious double threat in Malawi. Supportive couple relationships may be an important resource for managing these conditions. According to the theory of communal coping, couples will more effectively manage illness if they view the illness as “our problem” (shared illness appraisal) and are united in shared behavioral efforts. MethodsThis study qualitatively investigated communal coping of 25 couples living with HIV and hypertension or diabetes in Zomba, Malawi. Partners were interviewed separately regarding relationship quality, shared illness appraisal, communal coping, and dyadic management of illness. ResultsMost participants (80%) were living with HIV, and more than half were also living with hypertension. Most participants expressed high levels of unity and the view that illness was “our problem.” In some couples, partners expected but did not extend help and support and reported little collaboration. Communal coping and dyadic management were strongly gendered. Some women reported a one-sided support relationship in which they gave but did not receive support. Women were also more likely to initiate support interactions and offered more varied support than men. In couples with poor relationship quality and weak communal coping, dyadic management of illness was also weak. Partner support was particularly crucial for dietary changes, as women typically prepared meals for the entire family. Other lifestyle changes that could be supported or hindered by a partner included exercise, stress reduction, and medication adherence. ConclusionWe conclude that gendered power imbalances may influence the extent to which couple-level ideals translate into actual communal coping and health behaviors. Given that spouses and families of patients are also at risk due to shared environments, we call for a shift from an illness management paradigm to a paradigm of optimizing health for spouses and families regardless of diabetes or hypertension diagnosis.

Shifts in Endogamy Tradition within Arab-Indonesian Populations: A Study on an Alawiyyin Family in Bekasi, West Java

Ethnicity-based endogamous marriage is often related to the cultures of Arab descent in Indonesia. These past decades, sociocultural changes affected several cultures across Indonesia, mainly due to the rapid growth of information access and scientific knowledge. These changes also occurred within the Arab-descent communities in Indonesia, including changes in value and practice in their marriage tradition. This ethnographic research attempted to reexplore, redefine, and reinterpret the current perspectives of endogamous marriage through the minds of an Alawiyyin family in Bekasi, West Java. The informants mentioned that endogamous marriage was deemed irrelevant since 30-40 years ago, and what was once the norm changed into a simple preference. This change happened because of the elders’ and family patriarchs’ open-mindedness, and thus, nurtured a more welcoming attitude toward non-Arabs and non-Alawiyyins. They also realized that forced endogamy oftentimes caused feelings of solitude and discomfort to those affected. To prevent such discrimination from happening again, the informants mentioned that they grant more freedom to their offspring to select their own life partner, even though parental approval is still important to the couple’s marriage.

GRIEF SYMPTOM PROFILES OF OLDER SPOUSES BEREAVED BY COVID-19

Abstract Many older adults lost their spouse or life partner to COVID-19. Despite the anticipated rise in the prevalence of prolonged grief disorder, the association between COVID-19 bereavement and symptoms of complicated (or pathological) grief in community-dwelling older adults remains unclear. This study compared six clinically meaningful complicated grief symptom profiles between older spouses who were and were not bereaved by COVID-19. Participants included 80 adults aged 60+ years (20% men, 10% Black/minority status) who lost their spouse or life partner within the previous 12 months (M time since loss=6.6 months [SD=3.4 months]) and were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial for depression prevention. Grief symptom profiles were assessed with the Inventory of Complicated Grief. At the time of enrollment, older spouses bereaved by COVID-19 (n=18) reported more shock and disbelief (M = 7.11 [SD=3.16] versus M=3.83 [SD3.30], F=13.84, p&amp;lt;.001) and more hallucinations (M=1.56 [SD=1.29] versus M=0.45 [SD=0.88], F=17.12, p&amp;lt;.001) compared to older spouses bereaved by other causes of death (n=62). The two groups were similar in terms of yearning, anger and bitterness, estrangement from others, and avoidance behaviors. In addition, older spouses bereaved by COVID-19 had over 3 and a half times the odds of screening positive for probable prolonged grief disorder (OR=3.84 (95% CI = 1.28 -11.53, p = 0.016). These symptom clusters, particularly hallucinations, map to the highest level of prolonged grief disorder severity. These findings suggest that clinical treatment for prolonged grief disorder may be warranted for surviving spouses who lost their loved one to COVID-19.

CHILDHOOD PARENT–CHILD RELATIONSHIP, PARTNER RELATIONSHIP CLOSENESS, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN LATER LIFE

Abstract Attachment theory suggests that quality of early-life parent-child relationships may influence how people establish other types of relationships (e.g., romantic relationship, friendship) later in life, and have long-lasting effects on individuals’ psychosocial development. Yet, little research has investigated whether such effects may last until later adulthood and the potential moderators in these processes. To address this issue, this study examined the associations among childhood parent-child relationship quality, current partner relationship closeness, and depressive symptoms in late life using a sample of 12,292 community-dwelling adults aged 51 or older (Mage = 63.15, 51% female). We leveraged the seven-wave longitudinal data between 2006–2018 from the Health and Retirement Study. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the CESD score at each wave. Participants also reported closeness with their partner every other wave, and relationship quality with their parents in childhood. Multilevel models showed that better mother-child and father-child relationships during childhood were both associated with greater closeness with partner in late life, especially for female compared to male. Poorer childhood mother-child relationship was associated more depressive symptoms in late life, but this association was attenuated for those who overall reported a greater level of closeness with their partner over the study period. The findings suggest that negative early life parent-child relationship may put people at greater risk for developing depressive symptoms and weaker social connections in late life, and highlight the protective role of positive partner relationship in buffering this association.